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Peter Chartier (16901759) (Anglicized version of Pierre Chartier, sometimes written Chartiere, Chartiers, Shartee or Shortive) was a fur trader of French and Shawnee parentage who became a tribal chief and was an early advocate for Native American civil rights, speaking out against the sale of alcohol in indigenous communities in Pennsylvania. He first attempted to limit the sale of rum in Shawnee communities in the Province of Pennsylvania, then launched a movement to prohibit it altogether. Conflict with the colonial government motivated him to lead his community of over 400 Pekowi Shawnees on a four-year odyssey through Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Indiana, eventually resettling in Illinois. He later fought on the side of the French during the French and Indian War. Two communities (Chartiers Township and Chartiers (Pittsburgh)), several rivers including Chartiers Creek, Chartiers Run (Allegheny River) and Chartiers Run (Chartiers Creek), and two school districts (Chartiers-Houston School District and Chartiers Valley School District) are named after him. ==Parentage and early life== Peter Chartier was born ''Pierre Chartier'' and was the son of Martin Chartier (1655-1718),〔(Chartier Family Association family tree )〕〔(Martin Chartier )〕 a glovemaker born in St-Jean-de-Montierneuf, Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France.〔(Don Greene, ''Shawnee Heritage II: Selected Lineages of Notable Shawnee'' (Lulu.com: Fantasy ePublications, 2008), Lulu.com: Fantasy ePublications, 2008; ) pp. 44-45 and 70.〕 Martin Chartier arrived in Quebec with his brother and sister and his father René in 1667. He accompanied Louis Jolliet on his 1674 journey to the Illinois Territory and La Salle on his 1679-1680 journey to Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. He assisted in the construction of Fort Miami and Fort Crèvecoeur〔(Zuber Family Tree: Martin Chartier )〕 where, on 16 April 1680 he and six other men mutinied, looted and burned the fort, and fled.〔(History of Fort Crevecoeur )〕 (In a letter of 1682, La Salle stated that Martin "was one of these who incited the others to do as they did.") Martin then went east and married a Shawnee woman in either Illinois or Maryland in 1693.〔 Peter Chartier's mother was Sewatha Straight Tail (1660-1759)〔(Chief Straight Tail ), posted Aug 22, 2011.〕 daughter of Straight Tail Meaurroway Opessa of the Pekowi Shawnee.〔(''American-Canadian Genealogist'' ), (New Hampshire: American Canadian Genealogical Society), Vol 19, No 2, p. 61: "The Chartiers: An Indian Life".〕 Peter was born on the Cumberland River in northern Tennessee where his father ran a trading post for a short time.〔 Peter's Shawnee name was ''Wacanackshina'' which means "White one who reclines".〔 Around 1697 he moved with his family to Pequea Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.〔 In 1712 his father established a trading post in Conestoga.〔 In 1718 Peter moved to (Dekanoagah ), Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and obtained title to 300 acres on the Yellow Breeches Creek near the Susquehanna River〔(Bob Rowland, "History of the Callapatschink / Yellow Breeches Creek," prepared for the Yellow Breeches Watershed Association, August 2001. )〕 where his father died in April of that year.〔Paul A. W. Wallace, (''Indians in Pennsylvania'', Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1993; ) pp. 125-128〕〔(George Thornton Fleming, ''Volume 1 of History of Pittsburgh and Environs, from Prehistoric Days to the Beginning of the American Revolution,'' American Historical Society, 1922. )〕〔(Stephen Warren, ''Worlds the Shawnees Made: Migration and Violence in Early America,'' UNC Press Books, 2014 ) ISBN 1469611732〕 A 1736 map of Paxtang Manor by surveyor Edward Smout shows Chartier's home in what is today Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.〔 Chartier married his first cousin, (Blanceneige-Wapakonee Opessa ) (1695-1737), about 1710.〔(Zuber Family Tree: Pierre Chartier )〕 They had three children: Francois "Pale Croucher" (b. 1712), René "Pale Stalker" (b. 1720), and Anna (b. 1730).〔(Noel Schutz, Don Greene, ''Shawnee Heritage I, Vol. 1: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History,'' Lulu.com, 2008 ) ISBN 143571573X〕〔(Zuber Family Tree: Blanceneige-Wapakonee Opessa )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peter Chartier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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